教你使用Apache搭建Http下载服务器
前言前段时间因为某些原因,几大主流网盘都无法使用,正好手头上有台闲置的云服务器,于是就想来搭建一个文件下载服务,用户只需通过一个链接就能下载软件。
Apache快速上手
经过调研,发现Ubuntu采用Apache2这个软件就可以快速满足我的需求。
安装Apache2
apt-get install apache2安装好之后,启动Apache2服务:
/etc/init.d/apache2 start 查看启动状态:
/etc/init.d/apache2 status然后,访问服务器的公网ip或域名,就可以看到如下界面,此时说明Apache正常工作:
https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202210/2022103110195932.png
最后在/var/www/html路径下,删除index.html,上传自己想要被下载的文件,再次访问,就可以进行下载了。
(注:如果是云服务器,还需要在安全组开放80和443端口号)
同时,也可以通过域名/文件名的方式直接给别人一个链接,进行下载。
https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202210/2022103110195933.png
如果有一台单独的服务器用于临时文件的分享,这样很快就搞定了。
下面来继续进行深入研究,考虑更现实的场景。
修改端口号
Apache2默认采用的是80端口号,因此直接通过公网ip或域名就能访问。现实中,很多服务器本身就部署了许多其它服务,80端口号往往被占用,因此就需要将Apache2改成其它访问端口。
修改端口,首先需要修改/etc/apache2/ports.conf这个文件:
这里吧80改成其它不冲突的端口号,我这里以1024为例
#Listen 80
Listen 1024
<IfModule ssl_module>
Listen 443
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_gnutls.c>
Listen 443
</IfModule>然后修改/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
#<VirtualHost *:80>
<VirtualHost *:1024>
# The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that
# the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating注:这个文件中还有一个DocumentRoot,修改该参数可以调整文件系统的根路径。
修改完成之后,重启apache2:
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart此时,就可以通过访问域名:1024的形式访问到同样内容,例如我的服务器访问url为http://xdxsb.top:1024
设置访问限制
个人服务器很容易遭到别人的攻击,如果有人开好多线程来反复请求下载,这就将导致流量带宽消耗巨大,甚至会让服务器宕机。因此,长期提供下载服务的服务器必须设置访问限制。
配置文件参数详解
访问限制主要涉及到/etc/apache2/apache2.conf这个配置文件,首先来对该文件进行解读。
这个文件内容如下:
# This is the main Apache server configuration file. It contains the# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.# See http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/ for detailed information about# the directives and /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian about Debian specific# hints.### Summary of how the Apache 2 configuration works in Debian:# The Apache 2 web server configuration in Debian is quite different to# upstream's suggested way to configure the web server. This is because Debian's# default Apache2 installation attempts to make adding and removing modules,# virtual hosts, and extra configuration directives as flexible as possible, in# order to make automating the changes and administering the server as easy as# possible.# It is split into several files forming the configuration hierarchy outlined# below, all located in the /etc/apache2/ directory:## /etc/apache2/# |-- apache2.conf# | `-- ports.conf# |-- mods-enabled# | |-- *.load# | `-- *.conf# |-- conf-enabled# | `-- *.conf# `-- sites-enabled# `-- *.conf### * apache2.conf is the main configuration file (this file). It puts the pieces# together by including all remaining configuration files when starting up the# web server.## * ports.conf is always included from the main configuration file. It is# supposed to determine listening ports for incoming connections which can be# customized anytime.## * Configuration files in the mods-enabled/, conf-enabled/ and sites-enabled/# directories contain particular configuration snippets which manage modules,# global configuration fragments, or virtual host configurations,# respectively.## They are activated by symlinking available configuration files from their# respective *-available/ counterparts. These should be managed by using our# helpers a2enmod/a2dismod, a2ensite/a2dissite and a2enconf/a2disconf. See# their respective man pages for detailed information.## * The binary is called apache2. Due to the use of environment variables, in# the default configuration, apache2 needs to be started/stopped with# /etc/init.d/apache2 or apache2ctl. Calling /usr/bin/apache2 directly will not# work with the default configuration.# Global configuration### ServerRoot: The top of the directory tree under which the server's# configuration, error, and log files are kept.## NOTE! If you intend to place this on an NFS (or otherwise network)# mounted filesystem then please read the Mutex documentation (available# at <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/core.html#mutex>);# you will save yourself a lot of trouble.## Do NOT add a slash at the end of the directory path.##ServerRoot "/etc/apache2"## The accept serialization lock file MUST BE STORED ON A LOCAL DISK.##Mutex file:${APACHE_LOCK_DIR} default## The directory where shm and other runtime files will be stored.#DefaultRuntimeDir ${APACHE_RUN_DIR}## PidFile: The file in which the server should record its process# identification number when it starts.# This needs to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars#PidFile ${APACHE_PID_FILE}## Timeout: The number of seconds before receives and sends time out.#Timeout 300## KeepAlive: Whether or not to allow persistent connections (more than# one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate.#KeepAlive On## MaxKeepAliveRequests: The maximum number of requests to allow# during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount.# We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance.#MaxKeepAliveRequests 100## KeepAliveTimeout: Number of seconds to wait for the next request from the# same client on the same connection.#KeepAliveTimeout 5# These need to be set in /etc/apache2/envvarsUser ${APACHE_RUN_USER}Group ${APACHE_RUN_GROUP}## HostnameLookups: Log the names of clients or just their IP addresses# e.g., www.apache.org (on) or 204.62.129.132 (off).# The default is off because it'd be overall better for the net if people# had to knowingly turn this feature on, since enabling it means that# each client request will result in AT LEAST one lookup request to the# nameserver.#HostnameLookups Off# ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.# If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost># container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be# logged here. If you *do* define an error logfile for a <VirtualHost># container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.#ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log## LogLevel: Control the severity of messages logged to the error_log.# Available values: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,# error, crit, alert, emerg.# It is also possible to configure the log level for particular modules, e.g.# "LogLevel info ssl:warn"#LogLevel warn# Include module configuration:IncludeOptional mods-enabled/*.loadIncludeOptional mods-enabled/*.conf# Include list of ports to listen onInclude ports.conf# Sets the default security model of the Apache2 HTTPD server. It does# not allow access to the root filesystem outside of /usr/share and /var/www.# The former is used by web applications packaged in Debian,# the latter may be used for local directories served by the web server. If# your system is serving content from a sub-directory in /srv you must allow# access here, or in any related virtual host.<Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Require all denied</Directory><Directory /usr/share> AllowOverride None Require all granted</Directory><Directory /var/www/> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Require all granted</Directory>#<Directory /srv/># Options Indexes FollowSymLinks# AllowOverride None# Require all granted#</Directory># AccessFileName: The name of the file to look for in each directory# for additional configuration directives. See also the AllowOverride# directive.#AccessFileName .htaccess## The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being# viewed by Web clients.#<FilesMatch "^\.ht"> Require all denied</FilesMatch>## The following directives define some format nicknames for use with# a CustomLog directive.## These deviate from the Common Log Format definitions in that they use %O# (the actual bytes sent including headers) instead of %b (the size of the# requested file), because the latter makes it impossible to detect partial# requests.## Note that the use of %{X-Forwarded-For}i instead of %h is not recommended.# Use mod_remoteip instead.#LogFormat "%v:%p %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" vhost_combinedLogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combinedLogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O" commonLogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" refererLogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent# Include of directories ignores editors' and dpkg's backup files,# see README.Debian for details.# Include generic snippets of statementsIncludeOptional conf-enabled/*.conf# Include the virtual host configurations:IncludeOptional sites-enabled/*.conf# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet参数解释:
[*]PidFile:记录服务器启动进程号的文件
[*]Timeout:接收和发送前超时秒数
[*]KeepAlive:是否允许稳固的连接(每个连接有多个请求),设为"Off"则停用
[*]MaxKeepAliveRequests:在稳固连接期间允许的最大请求数,设为0表示无限制接入
[*]KeepAliveTimeout:在同一个连接上从同一台客户上接收请求的秒数
[*]User/Group:运行的用户和组
[*]HostnameLookups:指定记录用户端的名字还是IP地址
例如,本指令为on时记录主机名,如www.apache.org;为off时记录IP地址,204.62.129.132。默认值为off,这要比设为on好得多,因为如果设为on则每个用户端请求都将会至少造成对 nameserver 进行一次查询。
[*]ErrorLog:错误日志文件定位
[*]LogLevel:控制记录在错误日志文件中的日志信息
可选值:debug,info,notice,warn,error,crit,alert,emerg
[*]Directory:在标签对里面可以设置各文件夹属性
[*]Options:控制在特定目录中将使用哪些服务器特性
[*]All:除MultiViews之外的所有特性,这是默认设置
[*]ExecCG:允许使用mod_cgi执行CGI脚本
[*]FollowSymLinks:服务器允许在此目录中使用符号连接,如果此配置位于配置段中,则会被忽略
[*]Includes:允许使用mod_include提供的服务器端包含
[*]IncludesNOEXEC:允许服务器端包含,但禁用"#exec cmd"和"#exec cgi",但仍可以从ScriptAlias目录使用"#include virtual"虚拟CGI脚本
[*]Indexes:如果一个映射到目录的URL被请求,而此目录中又没有DirectoryIndex(例如:index.html),那么服务器会返回由mod_autoindex生成的一个格式化后的目录列表
[*]MultiViews:允许使用mod_negotiation提供内容协商的"多重视图"(MultiViews)
[*]SymLinksIfOwnerMatch:服务器仅在符号连接与其目的目录或文件的拥有者具有相同的uid时才使用它。 如果此配置出现在配置段中,则将被忽略
[*]AllowOverride:确定允许存在于.htaccess文件中的指令类型
语法:AllowOverride All|None|directive-type
如果此指令被设置为None ,那么.htaccess文件将被完全忽略。
directive-type可以是下列各组指令之一:
[*]AuthConfig : 允许使用与认证授权相关的指令
[*]FileInfo : 允许使用控制文档类型的指令、控制文档元数据的指令、mod_rewrite中的指令、mod_actions中的Action指令
[*]Indexes : 允许使用控制目录索引的指令
[*]Limit : 允许使用控制主机访问的指令
[*]Order:控制默认的访问状态与Allow和Deny指令生效的顺序
[*]Deny,Allow : Deny指令在Allow指令之前被评估。默认允许所有访问。任何不匹配Deny指令或者匹配Allow指令的客户都被允许访问
[*]Allow,Deny : Allow指令在Deny指令之前被评估。默认拒绝所有访问。任何不匹配Allow指令或者匹配Deny指令的客户都将被禁止访问
[*]Mutual-failure : 只有出现在Allow列表并且不出现在Deny列表中的主机才被允许访问。这种顺序与"Order Allow,Deny"具有同样效果
[*]Allow:控制哪些主机可以访问服务器的该区域。可以根据主机名、IP地址、 IP地址范围或其他环境变量中捕获的客户端请求特性进行控制。
语法:Allow from all|host|env=env-variable
[*]Deny:控制哪些主机被禁止访问服务器的该区域。可以根据主机名、IP地址、 IP地址范围或其他环境变量中捕获的客户端请求特性进行控制。
语法:Deny from all|host|env=env-variable
[*]Require:访问限制
- all granted:表示允许所有主机访问
- all denied:表示拒绝所有主机访问
- local:表示仅允许本地主机访问
- host <主机名或域名列表>:表示允许或拒绝指定主机或域名访问
- ip <IP地址或网段列表>:表示允许或拒绝指定的IP地址或网段访问
[*]AccessFileName:设置分布式配置文件的名字,默认为.htaccess
如果为某个目录启用了分布式配置文件功能,那么在向客户端返回其中的文档时,服务器将在这个文档所在的各级目录中查找此配置文件
[*]<FilesMatch"^.ht">:拒绝对.ht开头文件的访问,以保护.htaccess文件
[*]LogFormat:定义访问日志的格式
限制连接量
通过上面对配置文件参数的研究,注意到MaxKeepAliveRequests这个参数限制了对于单个连接最大的访问量为100,因此无需担心单线程脚本反复频繁请求的问题。
那么对于高并发的请求,Apache是否有默认设置的策略呢?也是有的,从2.0开始,apache引入了MPM(Multi-Processing Module,多进程处理模块),MPM有prefork, worker和event这三种模式,可以通过下面的命令查看当前apache所采用的模式:
apachectl -V | grep -i mpm默认采用的应该是event模式。
这个模式的配置文件位于/etc/apache2/mods-availablempm_event.conf
默认参数:
<IfModule mpm_event_module>
StartServers 2
MinSpareThreads 25
MaxSpareThreads 75
ThreadLimit 64
ThreadsPerChild 25
MaxRequestWorkers 150
MaxConnectionsPerChild 0
</IfModule>参数解释:
[*]StartServers:启动时进程数
[*]MinSpareThreads:最小空闲线程数
[*]MaxSpareThreads:最大空闲线程数
[*]ThreadLimit:每个进程可以启动的线程数量上限值
[*]ThreadsPerChild:每个进程可以启动的线程数量
[*]MaxRequestWorkers:线程数量最大值
[*]MaxConnectionsPerChild:最大连接数限制
我这里没去调整,先用JMeter来进行一个多线程并发测试:
JMeter下载地址:https://jmeter.apache.org/download_jmeter.cgi
https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202210/2022103110195934.png
解压之后,运行apache-jmeter-5.5/bin/jmeter.bat,即可启动。
创建一个线程组,我这设置了1000个线程数,时间设为0.01秒
https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202210/2022103110195935.png
再设置HTTP请求,填写请求域名,端口号,文件路径
https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202210/2022103110195936.png
测试结果显示,请求失败率为16%,因此我这小破服务器,基本上1000个并发请求都难以满足。
https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202210/2022103110195937.png
封禁ip
如果面对恶意攻击,那最快解决问题的办法无疑是封禁它的ip,这里尝试一下封禁本机ip,看看是否有效。
首先查询本机ip,直接在百度搜索ip,即可查询到公网ip,注意这里一定要是公网ip,通过ipconfig查询出的是内网ip。
修改配置文件:
vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf修改/var/www/文件内容:
<Directory /var/www/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
<RequireAll>
Require all granted
Require not ip 111.11.81.152
</RequireAll>
</Directory>重启服务:
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart再次访问,发现权限受限,说明设置成功。
https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202210/2022103110195938.png
拓展:如果只允许某个固定ip访问,那么可以这样修改:
<Directory /var/www/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
# Require all granted
Require ip 111.11.82.8
</Directory>
设置账号密码访问
对于某些私密文件,可以进一步配置账号密码进行身份验证。
首先创建一个文件夹用来保存用户信息:
mkdir -p /usr/local/conf然后创建用户:
htpasswd -c /usr/local/conf/.usr zstarzstar是我创建的用户名
输入密码后,Apache会以密文方式存储密码,可以通过下面的方式查看用户名和密码密文:
cat /usr/local/conf/.usr再次修改配置文件:
vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf修改内容:
<Directory /var/www/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
AuthName "apache"
AuthType Basic
AuthUserFile "/usr/local/conf/.usr"
Require user zstar
</Directory>重启服务:
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart再次访问,成功弹出登录验证,说明配置成功。
https://img.jbzj.com/file_images/article/202210/2022103110195939.png
参考
ubuntu搭建http服务器用于下载ubuntu文件:https://blog.csdn.net/yy1695990107/article/details/116976994
Apache2 httpd.conf 配置详解:https://blog.csdn.net/assassinice/article/details/78854139
Apache的访问控制:https://blog.csdn.net/m0_54434140/article/details/122249712
apache2三种模式及参数调优:https://blog.csdn.net/zhihui1017/article/details/54959194
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