3. 投票 案例项目（合集）
3.投票-1创建项目和子应用创建项目
[*]命令$ python django-admin startproject mysite
[*]目录结构mysite/ # 项目容器、可任意命名
manage.py # 命令行工具
mysite/ # 纯 Python 包 # 你引用任何东西都要用到它
__init__.py # 空文件 告诉Python这个目录是Python包
settings.py # Django 项目配置文件
urls.py # URL 声明# 就像网站目录
asgi.py # 部署时用的配置 # 运行在ASGI兼容的Web服务器上的 入口
wsgi.py # 部署时用的配置 # 运行在WSGI兼容的Web服务器上的
[*]初始化数据库 迁移$ python mangae.py makemigrations
$ python manage.py migrate
Django 简易服务器
[*]用于开发使用，Django 在网络框架方面很NB， 但在网络服务器方面不行~
专业的事让专业的程序做嘛，最后部署到 Nginx Apache 等专业网络服务器上就行啦。
[*]自动重启服务器
对每次访问请求、重新载入一遍 Python 代码
新添加文件等一些操作 不会触发重启
[*]命令
$ python manage.py runserverE:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py runserver
Watching for file changes with StatReloader
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
June 29, 2022 - 22:35:10
Django version 4.0.5, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
[*]指定端口
$ python manage.py runserver 8080
创建应用
[*]命令$ python manage.py startapp polls
[*]目录结构polls/
__init__.py
admin.py
apps.py
migrations/
__init__.py
models.py
tests.py
views.py
编写应用视图
[*]视图函数# polls/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
from django.http import HttpRespose
def index(rquest):
return HttpResponse("投票应用 -首页")
配置路由
[*]配置路由
# polls/urls.py子应用路由
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),
]# mysite/urls.py全局路由 include（）即插即用
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path
urlpatterns = [
path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
[*]效果
<img alt="截图" loading="lazy">
path() 参数含义
path('', views.index, name='index'),path('polls/', include('polls.urls'))
[*]route 路径
一个匹配URL的规则，类似正则表达式。不匹配GET、POST传参 、域名
[*]view 视图函数
Django 调用这个函数，默认传给函数一个 HttpRequest 参数
[*]kwargs 视图函数参数
字典格式
[*]name 给这条URL取一个温暖的名子~
可以在 Django 的任意地方唯一的引用。允许你只改一个文件就能全局地修改某个 URL 模式。
3.投票-2本地化和数据库API
本地化配置
[*]时区和语言
# mysite/mysite/settings.py
# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' # 'en-us'
TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
USE_I18N = True
USE_TZ = True
[*]为啥要在数据库之前？
配置时区，数据库可以以此做相应配置。比如时间的存放是以UTC还是本地时间...
数据库配置
[*]django 支持 sqlitemysqlpostgresql oracle
[*]默认是sqlite它是本地的一个文件name 哪里直接写了文件的绝对路径# mysite/mysite/settings.py
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
}
}
[*]迁移主要为Django默认的模型建表python manage.py migrate
创建模型
[*]编写
# mysite/polls/models.py
from django.db import models
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
[*]很多数据库的知识都可以用到里面
QuestionChoice 类都是基于models.Model， 是它的子类。
类的属性--------表的字段
类名-----------表名
还有pub_date on_delete=models.CASCAD 级联删除, pub_date 的字段描述， vo tes的默认值, 都和数据库很像。
而且max_length这个个字段，让Django可以在前端自动校验我们的数据
激活模型
[*]把配置注册到项目
# mysite/mysite/settings.py
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]
[*]做迁移-
仅仅把模型的配置信息转化成 Sql 语言
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py makemigrations polls
Migrations for 'polls':
polls\migrations\0001_initial.py
- Create model Question
- Create model Choice查看 Sql 语言 (对应我们配的 Sqlite 数据库的语法)
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
BEGIN;
--
-- Create model Question
--
CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_data" datetime NOT NULL
);
--
-- Create model Choice
--
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "quest
ion_id" bigint NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id") DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED);
CREATE INDEX "polls_choice_question_id_c5b4b260" ON "polls_choice" ("question_id");
COMMIT;
[*]执行迁移(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, polls, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying polls.0001_initial... OK
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
API 的初体验
[*]进入shellpython manage.py shell
[*]增- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec7 2020, 17:08:21) on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>>
>>> from polls.models import Question, Choice
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>>
>>> q = Question( question_text = "what's up ?", pub_date=timezone.now() )
>>>
>>> q.save()
>>>
[*]查看字段>>> q.id
1
>>> q.question_text
"what's up ?"
>>>
>>> q.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 6, 5, 46, 10, 997140, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
>>>
[*]改>>> q.question_text = 'are you kidding me ?'
>>> q.save()
>>>
>>> q.question_text
'are you kidding me ?'
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> Question.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Question: Question object (1)>]>
>>>
>>>
下面写点更人性化的方法
[*]__str__方法
默认打印自己的text字段，便于查看
后台展示对象数据也会用这个字段
class Question(models.Model):
...
def __str__(self):
return self.question_text
class Choice(models.Model):
...
def __str__(self):
return self.choice_text
[*]自定义方法class Question(models.Model):
...
def was_published_recently(self):
return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)
[*]__str__方法效果
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec7 2020, 17:08:21) on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>>
>>> from polls.models import Question, Choice
>>>
>>> Question.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
>>>
>>> Question.objects.filter(id=1)
<QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
>>>
[*]按属性查
>>>
>>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='are')
<QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
>>>
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>>
>>> current_year = timezone.now().year
>>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
<Question: are you kidding me ?>
>>>
>>> Question.objects.get(id=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 496, in get
raise self.model.DoesNotExist(
polls.models.Question.DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist.
>>>
>>>
[*]更多操作
用pk找更保险一些，有的model 不以id 为主键
>>> Question.objects.get(pk=1)
<Question: are you kidding me ?>
>>>
# 自定义查找条件
>>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> q.was_published_recently()
True
>>>
# 安主键获取对象
>>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> q.choice_set.all()
<QuerySet []>
>>>
# 增问题对象关系到选项对象
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)
<Choice: Not much>
>>>
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)
<Choice: The sky>
>>>
>>> q.choice_st.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Question' object has no attribute 'choice_st'
>>>
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0)
<Choice: Just hacking agin>
>>>
>>>
>>> c = q.choice_set.create(choic_text='Oh my god.', votes=0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\fields\related_descriptors.py", line 747, in create
return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).create(**kwargs)
File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 512, in create
obj = self.model(**kwargs)
File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 559, in __init__
raise TypeError(
TypeError: Choice() got an unexpected keyword argument 'choic_text'
>>>
# 选项 关系 到问题
>>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Oh my god.', votes=0)
>>>
>>> c.question
<Question: are you kidding me ?>
>>>
>>> q.choice_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking agin>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]>
>>>
>>>
>>> q.choice_set.count()
4
>>>
>>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
<QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking agin>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]>
>>>
>>>
[*]删
>>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')
>>> c.delete()
(1, {'polls.Choice': 1})
>>>
>>> q.choice_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]>
>>>
>>>
管理页面
[*]创建用户(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py createsuperuser
用户名: admin
电子邮件地址: admin@qq.com
Password:
Password (again):
密码长度太短。密码必须包含至少 8 个字符。
这个密码太常见了。
Bypass password validation and create user anyway? : y
Superuser created successfully.
[*]启动 开发服务器python manage.py runserver
[*]loginhttp://localhost:8000/admin/
[*]让我们的polls 投票应用也展示在后台# mysite/polls/admin.py
from .models import Question, Choice
admin.site.register(Question)
admin.site.register(Choice)
3.投票-3模板和路由
编写更多视图
# polls/views.py
...
def detail(request, question_id):
return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id：{question_id}")
def results(request, question_id):
return HttpResponse(f"问题id：{question_id}的投票结果")
def vote(request, question_id):
return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")添加url
[*]全局我们已经加过urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
]
[*]应用程序添加如下# polls/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),
path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'),
path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
]
看看效果
[*]path 里的参数很敏感结尾含/ 的访问时也必须含 / 否则404
[*]以 /polls/1/ 为例分析匹配过程
[*]从mysite/settings.py 载入 ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
[*]从urls.py 的“polls/”匹配到 polls/载入 polls.urls
[*]从polls/urls.py的“int:question_id/”匹配到 1/ ,获取int型的 1 转发给视图函数 views.details
升级index 视图展示近期5个投票问题
[*]编写视图
def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
output = ','.join()
return HttpResponse(output)
[*]好吧，总共就一个
[*]加点
这里直接把页面内容，写到了视图函数里，写死的。很不方便，下面用模板文件来处理这个问题
模板文件
[*]创建polls存放 模板文件的 文件夹 为什么里面多套了一层polls？没看出他有区分的作用，第一个polls不已经区分过了？polls/templates/polls/
[*]主要内容# polls/templates/polls/index.html
{% if latest_question_list %}
<ul>
{% for question in latest_question_list %}
<li>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{question.question_text}}</a>
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% else %}
<p>暂时没有开放的投票。</p>
{% endif %}
[*]修改视图函数
这里函数载入index.html模本，还传给他一个上下文字典context，字典把模板里的变量映射成了Python 对象
# polls/views.py
...
from django.template import loader
def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
context = {
'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
}
return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
...
[*]效果
[*]快捷函数 render（）
上面的视图函数用法很普遍，有种更简便的函数替代这一过程
# polls/views.py
...
from django.template import loader
import django.shortcuts import render
def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
#template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
context = {
'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
}
#return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)
...
优雅的抛出 404
[*]修改 detail 视图函数
# polls/views.py
...
def detail(request, question_id):
try:
question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
except:
raise Http404("问题不存在 !")
# return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id：{question_id}")
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
[*]编写模板
# polls/templates/polls/detail.html
{{ question }}
[*]效果
[*]快捷函数 get_object_or_404()
# polls/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
...
def detail(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
[*]效果
使用模板系统
[*]对detail.html获取的question变量进行分解 展示
[*]模板系统用.来访问变量属性
[*]如question.question_text先对question用字典查找nobj.get(str)------>属性查找obj.str---------->列表查找obj当然在第二步就成功的获取了question_text属性，不在继续进行。
[*]其中 question.choice_set.all解释为Python代码question.choice_set.all()
# polls/templates/polls/detail.html
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
<li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
[*]效果
去除 index.html里的硬编码
[*]其中的'detail' 使我们在urls.py 定义的名称# polls/urls.py
path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),# polls/templates/polls/index.html
<li>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a>
</li>
[*]有啥用？
[*]简单明了 书写方便
[*]我们修改.html 的真实位置后， 只需在urls.py 同步修改一条记录， 就会在所有模板文件的无数个连接中生效
大大的节省时间
为URL添加命名空间
[*]为什么？
上面去除硬链接方便了我们。我们只有1个应用polls有自己的detail.html模板，但有多个应用同时有名字为detail.html的模板时呢？
Django看到{% url %} 咋知道是哪个应用呢？
[*]怎么加 ？
# polls/urls.py
app_name = 'polls'
...
[*]修改.html模板文件
# polls/templates/polls/index.html
<li>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a>
</li>
3.投票-4投票结果保存 和 Django通用模板
投票结果保存
前端
# polls/templates/polls/detail.html
{#<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>#}
{#<ul>#}
{# {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}#}
{# <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>#}
{# {% endfor %}#}
{#</ul>#}
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<fieldset>
...
</fieldset>
<input type="submit" value="投票">
</form># polls/templates/polls/detail.html
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<fieldset>
<legend><h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1></legend>
{% if error_message%}
<strong><p>{{ error_message }}</p></strong>
{% endif %}
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
<input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}">
<label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label>
{% endfor %}
</fieldset>
<input type="submit" value="投票">
</form>路由
# polls/urls.py
path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
视图
vote
# polls/views.py¶
# ...
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.urls import reverse
# ...
# def vote(request, question_id):
# return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")
def vote(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
try:
selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
'question': question,
'error_message': "选择为空, 无法提交 ！"
})
else:
selected_choice.votes += 1
selected_choice.save()
# 重定向到其他页面 防止误触重复投票
return HttpResponse(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id, )))result
# polls/views.py¶
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
def results(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
前端
新建文件
# polls/templates/polls/results.html¶
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
<li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote {{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">继续投票</a>
降低冗余 URLConf
修改url
# mysite/polls/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views
app_name = 'polls'
# urlpatterns = [
#
# path('', views.index, name='index'),
#
# path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
#
# path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'),
#
# path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
#
#
# ]
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
path('<int:pk>/', views.DeatilView.as_view(), name='detail'),
path('<int:pl>/results/', views.ResultsViews.as_view(), name='results'),
path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote')
]
修改视图
ListView 和 DetailView 。这两个视图分别抽象“显示一个对象列表”和“显示一个特定类型对象的详细信息页面”这两种概念。
每个通用视图需要知道它将作用于哪个模型。 这由 model 属性提供。
template_name 属性是用来告诉 Django 使用一个指定的模板名字，而不是自动生成的默认名字。
自动生成的 context 变量是 question_list。为了覆盖这个行为，我们提供 context_object_name 属性，表示我们想使用 latest_question_list。作为一种替换方案，
# polls/views.py
from django.urls import reverse
# ...
# def index(request):
# latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
#
# template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
# context = {
# 'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
# }
#
# return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
# 用Django 通用视图 重写index, detail, results视图
class IndexView(generic.ListView):
template_name = 'polls/index.html'
context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'
def get_queryset(self):
"""返回最近的 5 个投票问题"""
return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
model = Question
template_name = 'polls/detail.html'
class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
model = Question
template_name = 'polls/detail.html'
# def detail(request, question_id):
# # try:
# # question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
# #
# # except:
# # raise Http404("问题不存在 !")
#
# # return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id：{question_id}")
#
# question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
# return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
#
#
# # def results(request, question_id):
# # return HttpResponse(f"问题id：{question_id}的投票结果")
#
# def results(request, question_id):
# question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
# return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
# def vote(request, question_id):
# return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")3.投票-5自动化测试 模型
自动化测试
一个bug
当设定发布时间为很远的未来的时间时，函数.was_published_recently()竟然返回True
$ python manage.py shell
>>> import datetime
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> from polls.models import Question
>>> # create a Question instance with pub_date 30 days in the future
>>> future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))
>>> # was it published recently?
>>> future_question.was_published_recently()
True
编写测试用例
针对上面的bug写个脚本，用来测试这个bug
# polls/tests.py
import datetime
from django.test import TestCase
from django.utils import timezone
from .models import Question
class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
"""
was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
is in the future.
"""
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
我们创建了一个 django.test.TestCase 的子类，并添加了一个方法，此方法创建一个 pub_date 时未来某天的 Question 实例。然后检查它的 was_published_recently() 方法的返回值——它 应该 是 False。
运行
# python manage.py test polls
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
Found 1 test(s).
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
E
======================================================================
ERROR: test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion (polls.tests.QuestionModelTests)
当日期为 未来 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite\polls\tests.py", line 16, in test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(day=30)
TypeError: 'day' is an invalid keyword argument for __new__()
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s
FAILED (errors=1)
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
修复Bug
限制下界为当前
# mysite/polls/models.py
#...
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
def __str__(self):
return self.question_text
# def was_published_recently(self):
#
# return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)
def was_published_recently(self):
now = timezone.now()
# 发布时间比现在小 比一天之前大 （即最近一天发布）
return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now
#...3.投票-6自动化测试 视图
Client 一个工具
这个很像我之前学过的，requests
但他更细节更贴合Django的视图，它可以直接捕获视图函数传过来的参数
class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
"""
当日期为 未来 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
"""
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):
"""
当日期为 最近 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
"""
time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), True)
def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):
"""
当日期为 过去（至少一天前） 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
"""
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
一个 Bug
按照逻辑，当投票发布时间是未来时，视图应当忽略这些投票
修复 Bug
Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978]
(c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py polls test
Unknown command: 'polls'
Type 'manage.py help' for usage.
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
Found 3 test(s).
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
...
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 3 tests in 0.002s
OK
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
测试用例
写个投票脚本，用于产生数据
Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978]
(c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec7 2020, 17:08:21) on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>>
>>>
>>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
>>>
>>> setup_test_environment()
>>>
>>>
>>> from django.test import Client
>>>
>>> client = Client()
>>>
>>> r = client.get('/')
Not Found: /
>>>
>>> r.status_code
404
>>>
>>> from django.urls import reverse
>>>
>>> r = client.get(reverse("polls:index"))
>>>
>>> r .status_code
200
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> r.content
b'\n<ul>\n \n <li>\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/5/">Django is nice?</a>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/4/">I love Lisa.</a>\n </li>\n \
n <li>\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/3/">do you lik ch best?</a>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/2/">are you okay?</a>\n </li>\n \n <li
>\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/1/">are you kidding me ?</a>\n </li>\n \n</ul>\n\n'
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> r.context['latest_question_list']
<QuerySet [<Question: Django is nice?>, <Question: I love Lisa.>, <Question: do you lik ch best?>, <Question: are you okay?>, <Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
>>>
>>>
测试类
# polls/views.py
class IndexView(generic.ListView):
template_name = 'polls/index.html'
context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'
def get_queryset(self):
"""返回最近的 5 个投票问题"""
#return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now()).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
运行
# polls/test.py
def create_question(question_text, days):
"""
一个公用的快捷函数用于创建投票问题
"""
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)3.投票-7自动化测试 业务逻辑
一个bug
发布日期时未来的那些投票不会在目录页 index 里出现，但是如果用户知道或者猜到正确的 URL ，还是可以访问到它们。所以我们得在 DetailView 里增加一些约束：
修复
加强限制，搜寻结果只返回时间小于当前的投票
class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase):
def test_no_questions(self):
"""
不存在 questions 时候 显示
"""
res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
#self.assertContains(res, "没有【正在进行】的投票。")# 是否显示“没有【正在进行】的投票。”字样
self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], [])
def test_past_question(self):
"""
发布时间是 past 的 question 显示到首页
"""
question = create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
res = self.client.get(reverse("polls:index"))
self.assertQuerysetEqual(
res.context['latest_question_list'],
,
)
def test_future_question(self):
"""
发布时间是 future 不显示
"""
create_question(question_text="未来问题!", days=30)
res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
#self.assertContains(res, "没有【可用】的投票")
self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], [])
def test_future_question_and_past_question(self):
"""
存在 past 和 future 的 questions 仅仅显示 past
"""
question = create_question(question_text="【过去】问题！", days=-30)
create_question(question_text="【未来】问题！", days=30)
response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
self.assertQuerysetEqual(
response.context['latest_question_list'],
,
)
def test_two_past_question(self):
"""
首页可能展示 多个 questions
"""
q1 = create_question(question_text="过去 问题 1", days=-30)
q2 = create_question(question_text="过去 问题 2", days=-5)
res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
self.assertQuerysetEqual(
res.context['latest_question_list'],
,
)
测试用例
检验
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
Found 8 test(s).
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
........
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 8 tests in 0.030s
OK
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>3.投票-8应用的界面和风格
a 标签
新建 mysite/polls/static 目录 ，写入下面的文件
# polls/views.py
class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
...
def get_queryset(self):
"""
Excludes any questions that aren't published yet.
"""
return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())
定义 a 标签
# polls/tests.py
class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase):
def test_future_question(self):
"""
The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future
returns a 404 not found.
"""
future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5)
url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,))
response = self.client.get(url)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
def test_past_question(self):
"""
The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past
displays the question's text.
"""
past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5)
url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,))
response = self.client.get(url)
self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)
背景图
新建images 目录
static/ #框架会从此处收集所有子应用静态文件 所以需要建一个新的polls目录区分不同应用
polls/ #所以写一个重复的polls很必要 否则Django直接使用找到的第一个style.css
style.css
定义 背景
# polls/tests.py
class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase):
def test_future_question(self):
"""
The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future
returns a 404 not found.
"""
future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5)
url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,))
response = self.client.get(url)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
def test_past_question(self):
"""
The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past
displays the question's text.
"""
past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5)
url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,))
response = self.client.get(url)
self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)body { background: white url("images/bg.jpg") no-repeat;}
效果
3.投票-9自定义后台表单
字段顺序
替换注释部分
static/ #框架会从此处收集所有子应用静态文件 所以需要建一个新的polls目录区分不同应用
polls/
style.css
images/
bg.jpg效果
字段集
当字段比较多时，可以把多个字段分为几个字段集
注意变量 fields 变为 fieldsets
# /style.css
li a{
color: green;
}
body {
background: white url("images/bg.jpg") no-repeat;
}
效果
关联选项
这样可以在创建 question 时 同时创建 choice
# /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py
效果
让卡槽更紧凑
替换 StackedInline 为 TabularInline
# /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py
# admin.site.register(Question)
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']# 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序
admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)效果
展示question的更多字段
Django默认返回模型的 str 方法里写的内容
添加字段 list_display 让其同时展示更多
方法was_published_recently 和他的返回内容也可以当做字段展示
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
#fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']# 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序
fieldsets = [
(None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
('日期信息', {'fields': ['pub_date']}),
]
效果点击还可以按照该字段名排序
3.投票-9自定义后台表单-2
用装饰器优化 方法 的显示
方法 was_published_recently 默认用空格替换下划线展示字段
用装饰器优化一下
# /mysite/polls/templates/models.pyfrom django.contrib import admin# 装饰器class Question(models.Model): #.... @admin.display( boolean=True, ordering='pub_date', description='最近发布的吗 ?', ) def was_published_recently(self): now = timezone.now() # 发布时间距离现在不超过24小时 比现在小 比一天之前大 （即最近一天发布） return (now - datetime.timedelta(days=1))
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