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3.投票-1创建项目和子应用
创建项目
- 命令
- $ python django-admin startproject mysite
复制代码 - 目录结构
- mysite/ # 项目容器、可任意命名
- manage.py # 命令行工具
- mysite/ # 纯 Python 包 # 你引用任何东西都要用到它
- __init__.py # 空文件 告诉Python这个目录是Python包
- settings.py # Django 项目配置文件
- urls.py # URL 声明 # 就像网站目录
- asgi.py # 部署时用的配置 # 运行在ASGI兼容的Web服务器上的 入口
- wsgi.py # 部署时用的配置 # 运行在WSGI兼容的Web服务器上的
复制代码 - 初始化数据库 迁移
- $ python mangae.py makemigrations
- $ python manage.py migrate
复制代码 Django 简易服务器
- 用于开发使用,Django 在网络框架方面很NB, 但在网络服务器方面不行~
专业的事让专业的程序做嘛,最后部署到 Nginx Apache 等专业网络服务器上就行啦。
- 自动重启服务器
对每次访问请求、重新载入一遍 Python 代码
新添加文件等一些操作 不会触发重启
- 命令
- $ python manage.py runserver
复制代码- E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
- E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py runserver
- Watching for file changes with StatReloader
- Performing system checks...
- System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
- June 29, 2022 - 22:35:10
- Django version 4.0.5, using settings 'mysite.settings'
- Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
- Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
复制代码 - 指定端口
- $ python manage.py runserver 8080
复制代码 创建应用
- 命令
- $ python manage.py startapp polls
复制代码 - 目录结构
- polls/
- __init__.py
- admin.py
- apps.py
- migrations/
- __init__.py
- models.py
- tests.py
- views.py
复制代码
编写应用视图
- 视图函数
- # polls/views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render
- # Create your views here.
- from django.http import HttpRespose
- def index(rquest):
- return HttpResponse("投票应用 -首页")
复制代码 配置路由
path() 参数含义
- path('', views.index, name='index'),
复制代码- path('polls/', include('polls.urls'))
复制代码
- route 路径
一个匹配URL的规则,类似正则表达式。不匹配GET、POST传参 、域名
- view 视图函数
- Django 调用这个函数,默认传给函数一个 HttpRequest 参数
复制代码 - kwargs 视图函数参数
字典格式
- name 给这条URL取一个温暖的名子~
可以在 Django 的任意地方唯一的引用。允许你只改一个文件就能全局地修改某个 URL 模式。
3.投票-2本地化和数据库API
本地化配置
- 时区和语言
- # mysite/mysite/settings.py
- # Internationalization
- # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/topics/i18n/
- LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' # 'en-us'
- TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
- USE_I18N = True
- USE_TZ = True
复制代码 - 为啥要在数据库之前?
配置时区,数据库可以以此做相应配置。比如时间的存放是以UTC还是本地时间...
数据库配置
- django 支持 sqlite mysql postgresql oracle
- 默认是sqlite 它是本地的一个文件name 哪里直接写了文件的绝对路径
- # mysite/mysite/settings.py
- # Database
- # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/ref/settings/#databases
- DATABASES = {
- 'default': {
- 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
- 'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
- }
- }
复制代码 - 迁移 主要为Django默认的模型建表
创建模型
- 编写
- # mysite/polls/models.py
- from django.db import models
- class Question(models.Model):
- question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
- pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
- class Choice(models.Model):
- question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
- choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
- votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
复制代码 - 很多数据库的知识 都可以用到里面
Question Choice 类都是基于models.Model, 是它的子类。
类的属性--------表的字段
类名-----------表名
还有pub_date on_delete=models.CASCAD 级联删除, pub_date 的字段描述, vo tes的默认值, 都和数据库很像。
而且max_length这个个字段,让Django可以在前端自动校验我们的数据
激活模型
- 把配置注册到项目
- # mysite/mysite/settings.py
- # Application definition
- INSTALLED_APPS = [
- 'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
- 'django.contrib.admin',
- 'django.contrib.auth',
- 'django.contrib.contenttypes',
- 'django.contrib.sessions',
- 'django.contrib.messages',
- 'django.contrib.staticfiles',
- ]
复制代码 - 做迁移-
仅仅把模型的配置信息转化成 Sql 语言- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py makemigrations polls
- Migrations for 'polls':
- polls\migrations\0001_initial.py
- - Create model Question
- - Create model Choice
复制代码 查看 Sql 语言 (对应我们配的 Sqlite 数据库的语法)
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
- BEGIN;
- --
- -- Create model Question
- --
-
- CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_data" datetime NOT NULL
- );
- --
- -- Create model Choice
- --
-
- CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "quest
- ion_id" bigint NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id") DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED);
- CREATE INDEX "polls_choice_question_id_c5b4b260" ON "polls_choice" ("question_id");
- COMMIT;
-
复制代码
- 执行迁移
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py migrate
- Operations to perform:
- Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, polls, sessions
- Running migrations:
- Applying polls.0001_initial... OK
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
复制代码
API 的初体验
- 增
- - (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
- Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec 7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
- Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
- (InteractiveConsole)
- >>>
- >>> from polls.models import Question, Choice
- >>> from django.utils import timezone
- >>>
- >>> q = Question( question_text = "what's up ?", pub_date=timezone.now() )
- >>>
- >>> q.save()
- >>>
复制代码 - 查看字段
- >>> q.id
- 1
- >>> q.question_text
- "what's up ?"
- >>>
- >>> q.pub_date
- datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 6, 5, 46, 10, 997140, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
- >>>
复制代码 - 改
- >>> q.question_text = 'are you kidding me ?'
- >>> q.save()
- >>>
- >>> q.question_text
- 'are you kidding me ?'
- >>>
- >>>
- >>>
- >>> Question.objects.all()
- <QuerySet [<Question: Question object (1)>]>
- >>>
- >>>
复制代码 下面写点更人性化的方法
- __str__方法
默认打印自己的text字段,便于查看
后台展示对象数据也会用这个字段- class Question(models.Model):
- ...
-
- def __str__(self):
- return self.question_text
- class Choice(models.Model):
- ...
-
- def __str__(self):
- return self.choice_text
复制代码
- 自定义方法
- class Question(models.Model):
- ...
- def was_published_recently(self):
- return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)
复制代码
- __str__方法效果
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
- Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec 7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
- Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
- (InteractiveConsole)
- >>>
- >>> from polls.models import Question, Choice
- >>>
- >>> Question.objects.all()
- <QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
- >>>
- >>> Question.objects.filter(id=1)
- <QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
- >>>
复制代码 - 按属性查
- >>>
- >>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='are')
- <QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
- >>>
- >>> from django.utils import timezone
- >>>
- >>> current_year = timezone.now().year
- >>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
- <Question: are you kidding me ?>
- >>>
- >>> Question.objects.get(id=2)
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
- File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
- return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
- File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 496, in get
- raise self.model.DoesNotExist(
- polls.models.Question.DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist.
- >>>
- >>>
复制代码 - 更多操作
用pk找更保险一些,有的model 不以id 为主键- >>> Question.objects.get(pk=1)
- <Question: are you kidding me ?>
- >>>
- # 自定义查找条件
- >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
- >>> q.was_published_recently()
- True
- >>>
- # 安主键获取对象
- >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
- >>> q.choice_set.all()
- <QuerySet []>
- >>>
- # 增 问题对象关系到选项对象
- >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)
- <Choice: Not much>
- >>>
- >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)
- <Choice: The sky>
- >>>
- >>> q.choice_st.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0)
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
- AttributeError: 'Question' object has no attribute 'choice_st'
- >>>
- >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0)
- <Choice: Just hacking agin>
- >>>
- >>>
- >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choic_text='Oh my god.', votes=0)
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
- File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\fields\related_descriptors.py", line 747, in create
- return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).create(**kwargs)
- File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
- return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
- File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 512, in create
- obj = self.model(**kwargs)
- File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 559, in __init__
- raise TypeError(
- TypeError: Choice() got an unexpected keyword argument 'choic_text'
- >>>
- # 选项 关系 到问题
- >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Oh my god.', votes=0)
- >>>
- >>> c.question
- <Question: are you kidding me ?>
- >>>
- >>> q.choice_set.all()
- <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking agin>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]>
- >>>
- >>>
- >>> q.choice_set.count()
- 4
- >>>
- >>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
- <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking agin>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]>
- >>>
- >>>
复制代码 - 删
- >>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')
- >>> c.delete()
- (1, {'polls.Choice': 1})
- >>>
- >>> q.choice_set.all()
- <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]>
- >>>
- >>>
复制代码
管理页面
- 创建用户
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py createsuperuser
- 用户名: admin
- 电子邮件地址: admin@qq.com
- Password:
- Password (again):
- 密码长度太短。密码必须包含至少 8 个字符。
- 这个密码太常见了。
- Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y
- Superuser created successfully.
复制代码 - 启动 开发服务器
- python manage.py runserver
复制代码 - login
- http://localhost:8000/admin/
复制代码 - 让我们的polls 投票应用也展示在后台
- # mysite/polls/admin.py
- from .models import Question, Choice
- admin.site.register(Question)
- admin.site.register(Choice)
复制代码 3.投票-3模板和路由
编写更多视图
- # polls/views.py
- ...
- def detail(request, question_id):
-
- return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id:{question_id}")
- def results(request, question_id):
-
- return HttpResponse(f"问题id:{question_id}的投票结果")
- def vote(request, question_id):
-
- return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")
复制代码 添加url
- 全局我们已经加过
- urlpatterns = [
- path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
- path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
-
- ]
复制代码
- 应用程序添加如下
- # polls/urls.py
- from django.urls import path
- from . import views
- urlpatterns = [
- path('', views.index, name='index'),
- path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
- path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'),
- path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
- ]
复制代码
看看效果
- path 里的参数很敏感 结尾含/ 的访问时也必须含 / 否则404
- 以 /polls/1/ 为例分析匹配过程
- 从mysite/settings.py 载入 ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
- 从urls.py 的“polls/”匹配到 polls/ 载入 polls.urls
- 从polls/urls.py 的“int:question_id/”匹配到 1/ ,获取int型的 1 转发给视图函数 views.details
升级index 视图 展示近期5个投票问题
- 编写视图
- def index(request):
- latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
- output = ','.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])
- return HttpResponse(output)
复制代码 - 好吧,总共就一个
- 加点
这里直接把页面内容,写到了视图函数里,写死的。很不方便,下面用模板文件来处理这个问题
模板文件
- 创建polls存放 模板文件的 文件夹 为什么里面多套了一层polls?没看出他有区分的作用,第一个polls不已经区分过了?
- 主要内容
- # polls/templates/polls/index.html
- {% if latest_question_list %}
- <ul>
- {% for question in latest_question_list %}
- <li>
- <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{question.question_text}}</a>
- </li>
- {% endfor %}
- </ul>
- {% else %}
- <p>暂时没有开放的投票。</p>
- {% endif %}
复制代码
- 修改视图函数
这里函数载入index.html模本,还传给他一个上下文字典context,字典把模板里的变量映射成了Python 对象- # polls/views.py
- ...
- from django.template import loader
- def index(request):
- latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
- template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
- context = {
- 'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
- }
- return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
-
- ...
复制代码 - 效果
- 快捷函数 render()
上面的视图函数用法很普遍,有种更简便的函数替代这一过程- # polls/views.py
- ...
- from django.template import loader
- import django.shortcuts import render
- def index(request):
- latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
- #template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
- context = {
- 'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
- }
- #return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
- return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)
-
- ...
复制代码
优雅的抛出 404
- 修改 detail 视图函数
- # polls/views.py
- ...
- def detail(request, question_id):
- try:
- question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
- except:
- raise Http404("问题不存在 !")
- # return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id:{question_id}")
- return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
复制代码 - 编写模板
- # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
- {{ question }}
复制代码 - 效果
- 快捷函数 get_object_or_404()
- # polls/views.py
- from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
- ...
- def detail(request, question_id):
-
- question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
- return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
复制代码
使用模板系统
- 对detail.html获取的question变量进行分解 展示
- 模板系统用.来访问变量属性
- 如question.question_text先对question用字典查找nobj.get(str)------>属性查找obj.str---------->列表查找obj[int]当然在第二步就成功的获取了question_text属性,不在继续进行。
- 其中 question.choice_set.all解释为Python代码question.choice_set.all()
- # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
- <h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
- <ul>
- {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
- <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>
- {% endfor %}
- </ul>
复制代码 - 效果
去除 index.html里的硬编码
- 其中的'detail' 使我们在urls.py 定义的名称
- # polls/urls.py
- path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
复制代码- # polls/templates/polls/index.html
- <li>
- <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a>
- </li>
复制代码 - 有啥用?
- 简单明了 书写方便
- 我们修改.html 的真实位置后, 只需在urls.py 同步修改一条记录, 就会在所有模板文件的无数个连接中生效
大大的节省时间
为URL添加命名空间
- 为什么?
上面去除硬链接方便了我们。我们只有1个应用polls有自己的detail.html模板,但有多个应用同时有名字为detail.html的模板时呢?
Django看到{% url %} 咋知道是哪个应用呢?
- 怎么加 ?
- # polls/urls.py
- app_name = 'polls'
- ...
复制代码 - 修改.html模板文件
- # polls/templates/polls/index.html
- <li>
- <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a>
- </li>
复制代码 3.投票-4投票结果保存 和 Django通用模板
投票结果保存
前端
- # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
- {#<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>#}
- {#<ul>#}
- {# {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}#}
- {# <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>#}
- {# {% endfor %}#}
- {#</ul>#}
- <form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
- {% csrf_token %}
- <fieldset>
-
- ...
-
- </fieldset>
- <input type="submit" value="投票">
- </form>
复制代码- # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
- <form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
- {% csrf_token %}
- <fieldset>
- <legend><h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1></legend>
- {% if error_message %}
- <strong><p>{{ error_message }}</p></strong>
- {% endif %}
- {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
- <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}">
- <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label>
- {% endfor %}
- </fieldset>
- <input type="submit" value="投票">
- </form>
复制代码 路由
- # polls/urls.py
- path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
复制代码 视图
vote
- # polls/views.py¶
- # ...
- from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
- from django.urls import reverse
- # ...
- # def vote(request, question_id):
- # return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")
- def vote(request, question_id):
- question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
- try:
- selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
- except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
- return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
- 'question': question,
- 'error_message': "选择为空, 无法提交 !"
- })
- else:
- selected_choice.votes += 1
- selected_choice.save()
- # 重定向到其他页面 防止误触重复投票
- return HttpResponse(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id, )))
复制代码 result
- # polls/views.py¶
- from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
- def results(request, question_id):
- question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
- return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
复制代码
前端
新建文件- # polls/templates/polls/results.html¶
- <h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
- <ul>
- {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
- <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote {{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
- {% endfor %}
- </ul>
- <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">继续投票</a>
复制代码
降低冗余 URLConf
修改url
- # mysite/polls/urls.py
- from django.urls import path
- from . import views
- app_name = 'polls'
- # urlpatterns = [
- #
- # path('', views.index, name='index'),
- #
- # path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
- #
- # path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'),
- #
- # path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
- #
- #
- # ]
- urlpatterns = [
- path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
- path('<int:pk>/', views.DeatilView.as_view(), name='detail'),
- path('<int:pl>/results/', views.ResultsViews.as_view(), name='results'),
- path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote')
- ]
复制代码 修改视图
ListView 和 DetailView 。这两个视图分别抽象“显示一个对象列表”和“显示一个特定类型对象的详细信息页面”这两种概念。
每个通用视图需要知道它将作用于哪个模型。 这由 model 属性提供。
template_name 属性是用来告诉 Django 使用一个指定的模板名字,而不是自动生成的默认名字。
自动生成的 context 变量是 question_list。为了覆盖这个行为,我们提供 context_object_name 属性,表示我们想使用 latest_question_list。作为一种替换方案,- # polls/views.py
- from django.urls import reverse
- # ...
- # def index(request):
- # latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
- #
- # template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
- # context = {
- # 'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
- # }
- #
- # return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
- # 用Django 通用视图 重写index, detail, results视图
- class IndexView(generic.ListView):
- template_name = 'polls/index.html'
- context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'
-
- def get_queryset(self):
- """返回最近的 5 个投票问题"""
- return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
-
- class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
- model = Question
- template_name = 'polls/detail.html'
- class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
- model = Question
- template_name = 'polls/detail.html'
-
-
- # def detail(request, question_id):
- # # try:
- # # question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
- # #
- # # except:
- # # raise Http404("问题不存在 !")
- #
- # # return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id:{question_id}")
- #
- # question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
- # return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
- #
- #
- # # def results(request, question_id):
- # # return HttpResponse(f"问题id:{question_id}的投票结果")
- #
- # def results(request, question_id):
- # question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
- # return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
- # def vote(request, question_id):
- # return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")
复制代码 3.投票-5自动化测试 模型
自动化测试
一个bug
当设定发布时间为很远的未来的时间时,函数.was_published_recently()竟然返回True
- $ python manage.py shell
- >>> import datetime
- >>> from django.utils import timezone
- >>> from polls.models import Question
- >>> # create a Question instance with pub_date 30 days in the future
- >>> future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))
- >>> # was it published recently?
- >>> future_question.was_published_recently()
- True
复制代码 编写测试用例
针对上面的bug写个脚本,用来测试这个bug
- # polls/tests.py
- import datetime
- from django.test import TestCase
- from django.utils import timezone
- from .models import Question
- class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
- def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
- """
- was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
- is in the future.
- """
- time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
- future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
- self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
复制代码 我们创建了一个 django.test.TestCase 的子类,并添加了一个方法,此方法创建一个 pub_date 时未来某天的 Question 实例。然后检查它的 was_published_recently() 方法的返回值——它 应该 是 False。
运行
- # python manage.py test polls
复制代码- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
- Found 1 test(s).
- Creating test database for alias 'default'...
- System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
- E
- ======================================================================
- ERROR: test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion (polls.tests.QuestionModelTests)
- 当日期为 未来 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite\polls\tests.py", line 16, in test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion
- time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(day=30)
- TypeError: 'day' is an invalid keyword argument for __new__()
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Ran 1 test in 0.001s
- FAILED (errors=1)
- Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
复制代码
修复Bug
限制下界为当前- # mysite/polls/models.py
- #...
- class Question(models.Model):
- question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
- pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
- def __str__(self):
- return self.question_text
- # def was_published_recently(self):
- #
- # return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)
- def was_published_recently(self):
- now = timezone.now()
- # 发布时间比现在小 比一天之前大 (即最近一天发布)
- return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now
-
- #...
复制代码 3.投票-6自动化测试 视图
Client 一个工具
这个很像我之前学过的,requests
但他更细节更贴合Django的视图,它可以直接捕获视图函数传过来的参数- class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
- def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
- """
- 当日期为 未来 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
- """
- time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
- future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
- self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
- def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):
- """
- 当日期为 最近 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
- """
- time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59)
- future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
- self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), True)
- def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):
- """
- 当日期为 过去(至少一天前) 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
- """
- time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)
- future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
- self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
复制代码
一个 Bug
按照逻辑,当投票发布时间是未来时,视图应当忽略这些投票
修复 Bug
- Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978]
- (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py polls test
- Unknown command: 'polls'
- Type 'manage.py help' for usage.
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
- Found 3 test(s).
- Creating test database for alias 'default'...
- System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
- ...
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Ran 3 tests in 0.002s
- OK
- Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
复制代码 测试用例
写个投票脚本,用于产生数据- Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978]
- (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
- Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec 7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
- Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
- (InteractiveConsole)
- >>>
- >>>
- >>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
- >>>
- >>> setup_test_environment()
- >>>
- >>>
- >>> from django.test import Client
- >>>
- >>> client = Client()
- >>>
- >>> r = client.get('/')
- Not Found: /
- >>>
- >>> r.status_code
- 404
- >>>
- >>> from django.urls import reverse
- >>>
- >>> r = client.get(reverse("polls:index"))
- >>>
- >>> r .status_code
- 200
- >>>
- >>>
- >>>
- >>>
- >>>
- >>> r.content
- b'\n <ul>\n \n <li>\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/5/">Django is nice?</a>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/4/">I love Lisa.</a>\n </li>\n \
- n <li>\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/3/">do you lik ch best?</a>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/2/">are you okay?</a>\n </li>\n \n <li
- >\n <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/polls/1/">are you kidding me ?</a>\n </li>\n \n </ul>\n\n'
- >>>
- >>>
- >>>
- >>>
- >>>
- >>> r.context['latest_question_list']
- <QuerySet [<Question: Django is nice?>, <Question: I love Lisa.>, <Question: do you lik ch best?>, <Question: are you okay?>, <Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
- >>>
- >>>
复制代码 测试类- # polls/views.py
- class IndexView(generic.ListView):
- template_name = 'polls/index.html'
- context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'
- def get_queryset(self):
- """返回最近的 5 个投票问题"""
- #return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
- return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now()).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
复制代码
运行
- # polls/test.py
- def create_question(question_text, days):
- """
- 一个公用的快捷函数用于创建投票问题
- """
- time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
- return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)
复制代码 3.投票-7自动化测试 业务逻辑
一个bug
发布日期时未来的那些投票不会在目录页 index 里出现,但是如果用户知道或者猜到正确的 URL ,还是可以访问到它们。所以我们得在 DetailView 里增加一些约束:
修复
加强限制,搜寻结果只返回时间小于当前的投票- class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase):
- def test_no_questions(self):
- """
- 不存在 questions 时候 显示
- """
- res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
- self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
- #self.assertContains(res, "没有【正在进行】的投票。") # 是否显示“没有【正在进行】的投票。”字样
- self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], [])
- def test_past_question(self):
- """
- 发布时间是 past 的 question 显示到首页
- """
- question = create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
- res = self.client.get(reverse("polls:index"))
- self.assertQuerysetEqual(
- res.context['latest_question_list'],
- [question],
- )
- def test_future_question(self):
- """
- 发布时间是 future 不显示
- """
- create_question(question_text="未来问题!", days=30)
- res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
- #self.assertContains(res, "没有【可用】的投票")
- self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], [])
- def test_future_question_and_past_question(self):
- """
- 存在 past 和 future 的 questions 仅仅显示 past
- """
- question = create_question(question_text="【过去】问题!", days=-30)
- create_question(question_text="【未来】问题!", days=30)
- response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
- self.assertQuerysetEqual(
- response.context['latest_question_list'],
- [question],
- )
- def test_two_past_question(self):
- """
- 首页可能展示 多个 questions
- """
- q1 = create_question(question_text="过去 问题 1", days=-30)
- q2 = create_question(question_text="过去 问题 2", days=-5)
- res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
- self.assertQuerysetEqual(
- res.context['latest_question_list'],
- [q2, q1],
- )
复制代码 测试用例
检验- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
- Found 8 test(s).
- Creating test database for alias 'default'...
- System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
- ........
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Ran 8 tests in 0.030s
- OK
- Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
- (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
复制代码 3.投票-8应用的界面和风格
a 标签
新建 mysite/polls/static 目录 ,写入下面的文件- # polls/views.py
- class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
- ...
- def get_queryset(self):
- """
- Excludes any questions that aren't published yet.
- """
- return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())
复制代码 定义 a 标签- # polls/tests.py
- class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase):
- def test_future_question(self):
- """
- The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future
- returns a 404 not found.
- """
- future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5)
- url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,))
- response = self.client.get(url)
- self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
- def test_past_question(self):
- """
- The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past
- displays the question's text.
- """
- past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5)
- url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,))
- response = self.client.get(url)
- self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)
复制代码
背景图
新建 images 目录- static/ #框架会从此处收集所有子应用静态文件 所以需要建一个新的polls目录区分不同应用
- polls/ #所以写一个重复的polls很必要 否则Django直接使用找到的第一个style.css
- style.css
-
复制代码 定义 背景- # polls/tests.py
- class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase):
- def test_future_question(self):
- """
- The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future
- returns a 404 not found.
- """
- future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5)
- url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,))
- response = self.client.get(url)
- self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
- def test_past_question(self):
- """
- The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past
- displays the question's text.
- """
- past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5)
- url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,))
- response = self.client.get(url)
- self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)body { background: white url("images/bg.jpg") no-repeat;}
复制代码
效果
3.投票-9自定义后台表单
字段顺序
替换注释部分- static/ #框架会从此处收集所有子应用静态文件 所以需要建一个新的polls目录区分不同应用
- polls/
- style.css
- images/
- bg.jpg
复制代码 效果
字段集
当字段比较多时,可以把多个字段分为几个字段集
注意变量 fields 变为 fieldsets- # /style.css
- li a{
- color: green;
- }
- body {
- background: white url("images/bg.jpg") no-repeat;
- }
复制代码 效果
关联选项
这样可以在创建 question 时 同时创建 choice
# /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py
效果
让卡槽更紧凑
替换 StackedInline 为 TabularInline- # /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py
- # admin.site.register(Question)
- class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
- fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date'] # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序
- admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)
复制代码 效果
展示question的更多字段
Django默认返回模型的 str 方法里写的内容
添加字段 list_display 让其同时展示更多
方法was_published_recently 和他的返回内容 也可以当做字段展示- class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
- #fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date'] # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序
- fieldsets = [
- (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
- ('日期信息', {'fields': ['pub_date']}),
- ]
复制代码 效果 点击还可以按照该字段名排序
3.投票-9自定义后台表单-2
用装饰器优化 方法 的显示
方法 was_published_recently 默认用空格替换下划线展示字段
用装饰器优化一下
[code]# /mysite/polls/templates/models.pyfrom django.contrib import admin # 装饰器class Question(models.Model): #.... @admin.display( boolean=True, ordering='pub_date', description='最近发布的吗 ?', ) def was_published_recently(self): now = timezone.now() # 发布时间距离现在不超过24小时 比现在小 比一天之前大 (即最近一天发布) return (now - datetime.timedelta(days=1)) |
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