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作者:俊达
引言
MySQL支持使用TLS协议进行通信,该协议在数据库通信中具有关键作用。首先,TLS能够加密客户端与服务端之间的通信数据,涵盖了客户端发送至服务端的SQL请求以及服务端返回给客户端的数据,从而确保敏感信息的保密性和完整性。除此之外,TLS还允许客户端验证服务端的身份,确保安全连接。同时,TLS还使得服务端能够验证客户端的身份,实现双向认证,从而进一步增强了通信安全性和互信性。这些TLS功能在MySQL通信中发挥着重要作用,为数据传输提供了必要的保护和验证机制。
1 Server端开启SSL
服务端默认已经开启SSL,可以通过如下命令查看是否支持SSL:
参数have_ssl为 YES- | have_openssl | YES |
- | have_ssl | YES |
- | ssl_ca | ca.pem |
- | ssl_capath | |
- | ssl_cert | server-cert.pem |
- | ssl_cipher | |
- | ssl_crl | |
- | ssl_crlpath | |
- | ssl_key | server-key.pem |
复制代码 参数说明:
参数说明have_openssl和have_ssl一样have_sslYES: 启用SSLDISABLED: 已经编译了SSL功能,但是没有开启ssl_caCA文件,默认是ca.pemssl_capathCA文件路径,默认为空。mysqld会从datadir查找ca.pemssl_cert服务端证书,默认server-cert.pem.ssl_cipherSSL加密方式,默认为空ssl_crlcertificate revocation lists文件,默认为空ssl_crlpathcertificate revocation lists文件路径,默认为空ssl_key服务端证书私钥,默认server-key.pem.server端启用SSL,需要ca.pem, server-cert.pem, server-key.pem 3个文件。
客户端需要有ca.pem, client-cert.pem, client-key.pem 3个文件。
2 客户端SSL
使用mysql客户端连接到服务端时,默认会使用加密通信,
登陆后输入 \s, 或者show status like 'ssl_cipher',如果看Cipher信息,说明连接已经开启加密通信- [root@box1 mysql]# mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -phello
- Server version: 5.7.32 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- ...
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql> \s
- --------------
- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.32, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
- Connection id: 23
- Current database:
- Current user: root@localhost
- SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
- Current pager: stdout
- Using outfile: ''
- Using delimiter: ;
- Server version: 5.7.32 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Protocol version: 10
- Connection: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP
- Server characterset: latin1
- mysql> show status like 'ssl_cipher';
- +---------------+-----------------------------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +---------------+-----------------------------+
- | Ssl_cipher | ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 |
复制代码 2.1 客户端禁用ssl通信
mysql客户端登陆时加上 --ssl-mode=disabled禁用TLS通信- mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -phello --ssl-mode=disabled
- mysql> \s
- --------------
- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.32, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
- Connection id: 25
- Current database:
- Current user: root@localhost
- SSL: Not in use
- Current pager: stdout
- mysql> show status like 'ssl_cipher';
- +---------------+-------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +---------------+-------+
- | Ssl_cipher | |
- +---------------+-------+
复制代码 2.2客户端要求验证服务端证书
客户端可以要求验证服务端的证书。
mysql客户端将ssl-mode参数设置为verify_ca或verify_identity, 同时需要提供用来签名的ca证书。
verify_ca的作用,是为了让服务端证明,他的证书是客户端参数中的指定的ca签名的。其他服务器无法冒充。- mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -phello --ssl-mode=verify_ca --ssl-ca=ca.pem
- show status like 'ssl_cipher';
- +---------------+-----------------------------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +---------------+-----------------------------+
- | Ssl_cipher | ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 |
复制代码 如果证书验证不通过,客户端连接会报错。服务端日志中也能看到相关报错信息。- ### client
- root@box1 mysql]# mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -phello --ssl-mode=verify_ca --ssl-ca=/data/mysql01/data/ca.pem
- mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- ERROR 2026 (HY000): SSL connection error: error:00000001:lib(0):func(0):reason(1)
- ### server
- [root@box1 mysql]# tail -1 /var/log/mysqld.log
- 2021-03-31T23:34:20.461350Z 28 [Note] Bad handshake
复制代码 3 服务端要求验证客户端使用SSL登录
虽然服务端开启了SSL,但是默认情况下用户可以选择启用或不启用加密通信。
服务端可以强制要求客户端使用加密通信,也可以要求客户端证明自己的身份。
这可以在创建用户的时候指定。- CREATE USER 'user_1'@'%' identified by 'hello' require ssl;
- CREATE USER 'user_2'@'%' identified by 'hello' require x509;
- CREATE USER 'user_3'@'%' identified by 'hello' require cipher 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384';
- CREATE USER 'user_4'@'%' identified by 'hello' require cipher 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384';
- CREATE USER 'user_5'@'%' identified by 'hello' require issuer 'www.dtstack.com' ;
- CREATE USER 'user_6'@'%' identified by 'hello' require subject '/CN=client.dtstack.com';
复制代码 上面创建的用户中,
user_1必须开启SSL加密才能连接到服务器
user_2需要使用x509证书格式
user_3需要使用cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
user_4需要使用cipher ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
user_5需要使用www.dtstack.com签发的证书
user_6需要使用subject为client.dtstack.com的证书
4测试用户信息
- select user,host, ssl_type, ssl_cipher, x509_issuer, x509_subject from mysql.user where user like 'user%';
- +--------+------+-----------+-------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------+
- | user | host | ssl_type | ssl_cipher | x509_issuer | x509_subject |
- +--------+------+-----------+-------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------+
- | user_1 | % | ANY | | | |
- | user_2 | % | X509 | | | |
- | user_3 | % | SPECIFIED | ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 | | |
- | user_4 | % | SPECIFIED | ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 | | |
- | user_5 | % | SPECIFIED | | www.dtstack.com | client.dtstack.com |
- | user_6 | % | SPECIFIED | | | /CN=client.dtstack.com |
- +--------+------+-----------+-------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------+
复制代码 4.1强制SSL
user_1登陆,如果不开启ssl-mode,登陆报错。使用SSL才能登陆- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_1 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=disabled
- mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_1'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_1 -phello -h127.0.0.1
- ...
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql> \s
- ...
- Current user: user_1@localhost
- SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
复制代码 4.2强制使用客户端证书
user_2需要x509证书才能登陆- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_2 -phello -h127.0.0.1
- ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_2'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_2 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required
- ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_2'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_2 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem
- ...
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- mysql> \s
- ...
- Current user: user_2@localhost
- SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
复制代码 4.3 强制指定客户端cipher
user_3指定了cipher, 无法登陆。 可以从服务端alert.log查看登陆失败的原因。- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_3 -pxhello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem
- ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_3'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
- ### 服务端日志
- [root@box1 mysql]# tail -1 /var/log/mysqld.log2021-04-01T00:07:44.216859Z 51 [Note] X509 ciphers mismatch: should be 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384' but is 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256'
- 2021-04-01T00:07:44.216915Z 51 [Note] Access denied for user 'user_3'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
复制代码 说明了cipher不满足要求。
my.cnf增加ssl_ciphper参数,重启服务- [root@box1 mysql]# tail -1 /etc/my.cnf
- ssl_cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
- [root@box1 mysql]# service mysqld restart
- Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart mysqld.service
复制代码- -- 再次尝试登陆,可以看到SSL 使用的ciper变成了 ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_3 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem
- ...
- mysql> \s
- Current user: user_3@localhost
- SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
复制代码 4.4验证客户端证书的subject 和 issuer
- ### client
- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_5 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem
- ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_5'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
- ### server
- [root@box1 mysql]# tail -2 /var/log/mysqld.log
- 2021-04-01T01:17:21.692560Z 6 [Note] X509 issuer mismatch: should be 'www.dtstack.com' but is '/C=CN/ST=HZ/L=ZJ/O=lazybug CO/OU=freecity/CN=www.dtstack.com/emailAddress=junda@dtstack.com'
- 2021-04-01T01:17:21.692607Z 6 [Note] Access denied for user 'user_5'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
- ### client
- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_6 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem
- ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_6'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
- ### server
- [root@box1 mysql]# tail -2 /var/log/mysqld.log
- 2021-04-01T01:20:41.297093Z 8 [Note] X509 subject mismatch: should be '/CN=client.dtstack.com' but is '/C=XX/L=Default City/O=Default Company Ltd'
- 2021-04-01T01:20:41.297144Z 8 [Note] Access denied for user 'user_6'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
复制代码 重新生成client证书,指定subject- [root@box1 pki]# openssl req -subj /CN=client.dtstack.com -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3600 \
- -nodes -keyout client-key.pem -out client-req.pem
-
- writing new private key to 'client-key.pem'
- [root@box1 pki]# openssl rsa -in client-key.pem -out client-key.pem
- writing RSA key
- [root@box1 pki]# openssl x509 -sha384 -req -in client-req.pem -days 3600 \
- > -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out client-cert.pem
- Signature ok
- subject=/CN=client.dtstack.com
- Getting CA Private Key
复制代码 使用新的证书,就可以登录的数据库了:- [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_6 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem
- ...
- mysql> \s
- Current user: user_6@localhost
- SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
复制代码 附录:SSL证书相关命令
生成证书的命令
- # Create clean environment
- rm -rf newcerts
- mkdir newcerts && cd newcerts
- # Create CA certificate
- openssl genrsa 2048 > ca-key.pem
- openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -days 3600 \
- -key ca-key.pem -out ca.pem
- # Create server certificate, remove passphrase, and sign it
- # server-cert.pem = public key, server-key.pem = private key
- openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3600 \
- -nodes -keyout server-key.pem -out server-req.pem
- openssl rsa -in server-key.pem -out server-key.pem
- openssl x509 -sha384 -req -in server-req.pem -days 3600 \
- -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out server-cert.pem
- # Create client certificate, remove passphrase, and sign it
- # client-cert.pem = public key, client-key.pem = private key
- openssl req -subj /client.dtstack.com -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3600 \
- -nodes -keyout client-key.pem -out client-req.pem
- openssl rsa -in client-key.pem -out client-key.pem
- openssl x509 -sha384 -req -in client-req.pem -days 3600 \
- -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out client-cert.pem
-
- openssl x509 -req -in client-req.pem -days 3600 \
- -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out client-cert.pem
复制代码 查看证书信息
- [root@box1 mysql]# openssl x509 -text -in server-cert.pem -noout
- Certificate:
- Data:
- Version: 3 (0x2)
- Serial Number: 2 (0x2)
- Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
- Issuer: CN=MySQL_Server_5.7.32_Auto_Generated_CA_Certificate
- Validity
- Not Before: Mar 31 12:14:46 2021 GMT
- Not After : Mar 29 12:14:46 2031 GMT
- Subject: CN=MySQL_Server_5.7.32_Auto_Generated_Server_Certificate
- Subject Public Key Info:
- Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
- Public-Key: (2048 bit)
- Modulus:
- [root@box1 pki]# openssl x509 -text -in client-cert.pem -noout
- Certificate:
- Data:
- Version: 1 (0x0)
- Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
- Signature Algorithm: sha384WithRSAEncryption
- Issuer: C=CN, ST=HZ, L=ZJ, O=lazybug CO, OU=freecity, CN=www.dtstack.com/emailAddress=junda@dtstack.com
- Validity
- Not Before: Apr 1 01:34:53 2021 GMT
- Not After : Feb 8 01:34:53 2031 GMT
- Subject: CN=client.dtstack.com
- Subject Public Key Info:
- Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
- Public-Key: (2048 b
复制代码 验证证书
使用openssl verify命令验证证书有效性。CAfile是用于创建证书的ca文件。- [root@box1 pki]# openssl verify -CAfile ca.pem server-cert.pem client-cert.pem
- server-cert.pem: OK
- client-cert.pem: OK
复制代码 如果ca文件和证书文件不匹配,验证会报错- [root@box1 pki]# openssl verify -CAfile /var/lib/backupca/ca.pem server-cert.pem client-cert.pem
- server-cert.pem: C = CN, ST = ZJ, L = HZ, O = bugfree server, OU = land, CN = www.dtstack.com, emailAddress = server@dtstack.com
- error 20 at 0 depth lookup:unable to get local issuer certificate
- client-cert.pem: CN = client.dtstack.com
- error 20 at 0 depth lookup:unable to get local issuer certificate
复制代码 来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/yunchekeji/p/17956578
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