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前言
之前学习和实际生产环境的flask都是用app.run()的默认方式启动的,因为只是公司内部服务,请求量不高,一直也没出过什么性能问题。最近接管其它小组的服务时,发现他们的服务使用Gunicorn + Flask的方式运行的,本地开发用的gevent的WSGIServer。对于Gunicorn之前只是耳闻,没实际用过,正好捣鼓下看看到底能有多少性能提升。本文简单记录flask在各种配置参数和运行方式的性能,后面也会跟其他语言和框架做个对比。
- python版本:3.11
- flask版本:3.0.3
- Gunicorn:23.0.0
- wrk作为性能测试工具
- 运行环境:vbox虚拟机,debian 12, 4C4G的硬件配置
wrk测试脚本
wrk支持用lua脚本对请求的响应结果进行验证,以下脚本对响应码和响应内容进行校验- wrk.method = "GET"
- wrk.host = "127.0.0.1:8080"
- wrk.path = "/health"
- wrk.timeout = 1.0
- response = function(status, headers, body)
- if status ~= 200 then
- print("Error: expected 200 but got " .. status)
- end
- if not body:find("ok") then
- print("Error: response does not contain expected content.")
- end
- end
复制代码 Flask框架的测试记录
- 先测试默认运行方式,且没有sleep的情况下的并发性能。
- from flask import Flask
- app = Flask(__name__)
- @app.get("/health")
- def health():
- return "ok"
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8080)
复制代码 使用命令nohup python demo.py > /dev/null启动,以下为wrk测试结果,可以看到已经出现超时请求。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 65.47ms 81.07ms 1.99s 97.69%
- Req/Sec 575.99 107.20 1.08k 66.71%
- 137538 requests in 1.00m, 22.82MB read
- Socket errors: connect 0, read 114, write 0, timeout 144
- Requests/sec: 2288.49
- Transfer/sec: 388.86KB
复制代码
- 还是默认启动方式,增加等待时间,模拟处理任务的时间消耗。后续测试都会增加等待时间。
- from flask import Flask
- from time import sleep
- app = Flask(__name__)
- @app.get("/health")
- def health():
- sleep(0.1)
- return "ok"
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8080)
复制代码 wrk测试结果,不出所料性能会有所下降。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 201.90ms 239.99ms 2.00s 95.05%
- Req/Sec 479.79 185.87 1.82k 68.19%
- 114440 requests in 1.00m, 18.99MB read
- Socket errors: connect 0, read 2, write 0, timeout 1833
- Requests/sec: 1904.45
- Transfer/sec: 323.62KB
复制代码
- flask 更新到版本2后支持使用异步函数(需要安装异步相关依赖python -m pip install -U flask[async])
- from flask import Flask
- import asyncio
- app = Flask(__name__)
- @app.route('/health')
- async def health():
- await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
- return "ok"
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8080)
复制代码 wrk测试结果,性能相较于同步函数甚至还下降了,QPS几乎砍半,看来异步版Flask还有待增强。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 275.49ms 190.22ms 2.00s 95.46%
- Req/Sec 242.86 104.25 720.00 65.91%
- 57896 requests in 1.00m, 9.61MB read
- Socket errors: connect 0, read 48, write 0, timeout 611
- Requests/sec: 964.31
- Transfer/sec: 163.86KB
复制代码
- 接管的Flask应用在本地使用gevent的WSGIServer运行,所以也来试试。
- from gevent.pywsgi import WSGIServer
- from flask import Flask
- from time import sleep
- app = Flask(__name__)
- @app.route('/health')
- def health():
- sleep(0.1)
- return "ok"
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- http_server = WSGIServer(('0.0.0.0', 8080), app)
- http_server.serve_forever()
复制代码 wrk测试结果,惨不忍睹,像是单线程在挨个处理请求,每个请求都会阻塞住。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 185.36ms 221.17ms 1.93s 96.30%
- Req/Sec 5.54 3.39 10.00 46.55%
- 592 requests in 1.00m, 67.64KB read
- Socket errors: connect 0, read 0, write 0, timeout 322
- Requests/sec: 9.85
- Transfer/sec: 1.13KB
复制代码- from gevent.pywsgi import WSGIServer
- from gevent import monkey
- from flask import Flask
- from time import sleep
- monkey.patch_all()
- app = Flask(__name__)
- @app.route('/health')
- def health():
- sleep(0.1)
- return "ok"
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- http_server = WSGIServer(('0.0.0.0', 8080), app)
- http_server.serve_forever()
复制代码 wrk测试结果,加上monkey patch后似乎也没什么作用。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 182.89ms 209.48ms 1.82s 96.07%
- Req/Sec 5.55 3.50 10.00 47.89%
- 592 requests in 1.00m, 67.64KB read
- Socket errors: connect 0, read 0, write 0, timeout 312
- Requests/sec: 9.85
- Transfer/sec: 1.13KB
复制代码
- 正式上gunicorn,代码没有任何改动,也不需要引用gevent的WSGServer。
- from flask import Flask
- from time import sleep
- app = Flask(__name__)
- @app.get("/health")
- def health():
- sleep(0.1)
- return "ok"
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8080)
复制代码 运行命令。指定-k gevent。demo:app中的demo是代码文件名。--worker-connections默认为1000- gunicorn demo:app -b 0.0.0.0:8080 -w 4 -k gevent --worker-connections 2000
复制代码 wrk测试结果。性能相较于默认启动方式有了接近10倍的提升,请求响应时间也很稳定,最大响应时间也只有310.48。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 126.18ms 9.52ms 310.48ms 84.68%
- Req/Sec 3.98k 165.70 4.53k 77.34%
- 948506 requests in 1.00m, 143.83MB read
- Requests/sec: 15799.31
- Transfer/sec: 2.40MB
复制代码 其它框架和语言
在t4c2000的wrk配置下,flask+unicorn的每个进程基本都占用了85+%的CPU,再提高就得加CPU核心数了,不过这样的性能已经能满足公司内部服务的需求了,而且实际业务中,短板更可能是网络IO。
这里也测测其它语言和框架,看看Flask在Gunicorn的加持下能否打出python的牌面。
Golang
上来先试试最熟悉的Go, version: 1.22.4,使用标准库。(编译打包出来就能直接运行,不需要jvm这样的虚拟机,也不需要python这样的解释器,更不需要docker这样的容器运行时,特喜欢Go这一点)- package main
- import (
- "fmt"
- "net/http"
- "time"
- )
- func MyHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
- w.Write([]byte("ok"))
- }
- func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/health", MyHandler)
- err := http.ListenAndServe("0.0.0.0:8080", nil)
- if err != nil {
- fmt.Println(err)
- }
- }
复制代码 wrk结果如下,请求量是目前测试以来第一个突破百万,而且也没有timeout的出现。使用top观察资源消耗,CPU只占用了约30%,而且还只有一个进程。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 101.56ms 1.48ms 121.62ms 77.58%
- Req/Sec 4.94k 191.07 5.05k 93.49%
- 1180108 requests in 1.00m, 132.80MB read
- Requests/sec: 19643.94
- Transfer/sec: 2.21MB
复制代码 不断加大连接,直到系统平均负载到达4(虚拟机CPU核心数为4)。连接数加了10倍,QPS差不多也是10倍于Flask + Gunicorn。这时候实际上wrk也占用了不少CPU资源,服务端的性能并没到瓶颈。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c20000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 20000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 167.56ms 43.45ms 397.95ms 60.37%
- Req/Sec 29.48k 8.84k 48.26k 63.05%
- 6867733 requests in 1.00m, 772.85MB read
- Requests/sec: 114258.70
- Transfer/sec: 12.86MB
复制代码 FastAPI
Go的性能已经很不错了,就性能来说还不是Flask+Gunicorn能媲美的。再来试试号称性能并肩Go的FastAPI(官网features里面写的)。FastAPI版本:0.115.4
纯uvicorn启动,用的是同步函数。- from fastapi import FastAPI
- import uvicorn
- from fastapi.responses import PlainTextResponse
- from time import sleep
- app = FastAPI()
- @app.get("/health")
- def index():
- sleep(0.1)
- return PlainTextResponse(status_code=200,content="ok")
- if __name__ == '__main__':
- uvicorn.run(app, host="127.0.0.1", port=8080, access_log=False)
复制代码 wrk测试结果,可以看到相当低下,甚至还不如flask的默认运行方式,超时请求数都过2w了。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 1.22s 438.35ms 1.95s 60.00%
- Req/Sec 115.03 57.31 410.00 86.69%
- 23494 requests in 1.00m, 3.02MB read
- Socket errors: connect 0, read 0, write 0, timeout 22894
- Requests/sec: 390.92
- Transfer/sec: 51.54KB
复制代码 改用异步函数再试试。- from fastapi import FastAPI
- import uvicorn
- from fastapi.responses import PlainTextResponse
- from time import sleep
- import asyncio
- app = FastAPI()
- @app.get("/health")
- async def health():
- await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
- return PlainTextResponse(status_code=200,content="ok")
- if __name__ == '__main__':
- uvicorn.run(app, host="127.0.0.1", port=8080, access_log=False)
复制代码 wrk测试结果,可以看到性能好很多了,而且没有timeout。QPS是Flask默认启动方式的2倍,但实际性能应该不止2倍。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 484.53ms 63.18ms 654.48ms 61.26%
- Req/Sec 1.09k 698.29 3.13k 63.78%
- 246744 requests in 1.00m, 31.77MB read
- Requests/sec: 4106.80
- Transfer/sec: 541.43KB
复制代码 uvicorn支持指定worker数,这里设置为CPU核心数。- from fastapi import FastAPI
- import uvicorn
- from fastapi.responses import PlainTextResponse
- from time import sleep
- import asyncio
- app = FastAPI()
- @app.get("/health")
- async def health():
- await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
- return PlainTextResponse(status_code=200,content="ok")
- if __name__ == '__main__':
- uvicorn.run(app="demo2:app", host="127.0.0.1", port=8080, access_log=False, workers=4)
复制代码 wrk测试结果,响应时间还是非常稳的,完全没有timeout的情况,延迟还更低。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 164.52ms 13.57ms 273.27ms 73.49%
- Req/Sec 3.05k 544.20 4.64k 68.67%
- 727517 requests in 1.00m, 93.73MB read
- Requests/sec: 12123.17
- Transfer/sec: 1.56MB
复制代码 gunicorn也支持uvicorn,看看fastapi在gunicorn的加持下会有怎样的性能表现。- gunicorn demo2:app -b 127.0.0.1:8080 -w 4 -k uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker --worker-connections 2000
复制代码 wrk测试结果,相较于unicorn运行方式,性能提升并不多。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 146.43ms 21.21ms 263.13ms 69.52%
- Req/Sec 3.43k 508.71 4.88k 71.40%
- 818281 requests in 1.00m, 105.35MB read
- Requests/sec: 13620.16
- Transfer/sec: 1.75MB
复制代码 Sanic
之前用过一段时间Sanic,也是个python异步框架,版本:24.6.0- from sanic import Sanic
- from sanic.response import text
- import asyncio
- app = Sanic("HelloWorld")
- @app.get("/health")
- async def hello_world(request):
- await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
- return text("ok")
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- app.run(host="127.0.0.1", port=8080, fast=True, debug=False, access_log=False)
复制代码 wrk测试结果。虽然QPS比FastAPI高,但是有timeout的情况,不是很稳定。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 104.05ms 45.30ms 1.82s 99.59%
- Req/Sec 4.84k 538.65 5.07k 95.98%
- 1154792 requests in 1.00m, 115.64MB read
- Socket errors: connect 0, read 0, write 0, timeout 88
- Requests/sec: 19218.08
- Transfer/sec: 1.92MB
复制代码 Openresty
openresty基于nginx,通过集成lua,也可以用来写api。配置如下,只是增加了一个location,稍微调整下nginx的参数- worker_processes auto;
- worker_cpu_affinity auto;
- events {
- worker_connections 65535;
- }
- http {
- include mime.types;
- default_type application/octet-stream;
- access_log off;
- sendfile on;
- keepalive_timeout 65;
- server {
- listen 8080 deferred;
- server_name localhost;
- location /health {
- content_by_lua_block {
- ngx.sleep(0.1)
- ngx.print("ok")
- }
- }
- location / {
- root html;
- index index.html index.htm;
- }
- error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
- location = /50x.html {
- root html;
- }
- }
- }
复制代码 wrk测试结果,和Go语言相当。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c2000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://192.168.0.201:8080/health
- 4 threads and 2000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 101.43ms 1.62ms 136.59ms 88.97%
- Req/Sec 4.94k 213.51 5.33k 92.65%
- 1178854 requests in 1.00m, 211.36MB read
- Requests/sec: 19619.86
- Transfer/sec: 3.52MB
复制代码 top观察openresty的cpu占用并不高,加大连接再试试。连接数达到25000后,系统平均负载已经基本满了,而且wrk也占用了不少CPU资源。和Go差不多,并没有到服务端的性能瓶颈,而是受到系统资源限制。- $ wrk -s bm.lua -t 4 -c25000 -d60s http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- Running 1m test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/health
- 4 threads and 25000 connections
- Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
- Latency 149.17ms 36.61ms 659.40ms 71.22%
- Req/Sec 41.00k 6.64k 59.03k 65.95%
- 9330399 requests in 1.00m, 1.63GB read
- Requests/sec: 155277.58
- Transfer/sec: 27.84MB
复制代码 小结
整理下测试数据汇总成表格如下
项目总请求量每秒请求量平均响应时间最大响应时间备注Flask-no sleep1375382288.4965.47ms1.99s有响应超时情况Flask-同步方式1144401904.45201.90ms2.00s有响应超时情况Flask-异步函数57896964.31275.49ms2.00s有响应超时情况Flask+gevent5929.85185.36ms1.93s有响应超时情况Flask+gevent(monkeypatch)5929.85182.89ms1.82s有响应超时情况Flask+gevent+unicorn94850615799.31126.18ms310.48msGolang118010819643.94101.56ms121.62msGolang6867733114258.70167.56ms397.95mswrk的配置为t4c20000FastAPI-同步函数23494390.921.22s1.95s有响应超时情况FastAPI-异步函数2467444106.80484.53ms654.48msFastAPI-多worker72751712123.17164.52ms273.27msFastAPI+Gunicorn81828113620.16146.43ms273.27msSanic115479219218.08104.05ms1.82s有响应超时情况,不是很稳定OpenResty117885419619.86101.43ms136.59msOpenResty9330399155277.58149.17ms659.40mswrk的配置为t4c25000根据测试结果,测试的三个Python Web框架中,Flask+gevent+unicorn综合最佳,不低的QPS,而且没有请求超时的情况,也不需要将代码修改成异步方式。Sanic的QPS虽高,但是有响应超时的情况,说明并不稳定,而且代码需要是异步的。FastAPI+Gunicorn的表现也不差,在不使用Gunicorn的情况下也能提供不错的性能,但代码同样需要改成异步方式。对于Sanic和FastAPI,Gunicorn的加持并不必要,而Gunicorn对Flask的性能提升至少7倍,而且能避免请求超时的情况,生产环境下应该尽量使用Gunicorn来运行Flask。
Go比各个Python框架的性能都更好,资源占用也更低,运行方式还更简单,不需要依赖编程语言环境和其他组件,非要说缺点的话就是开发没有Python快。
OpenResty的性能在测试中是最高的,主要是nginx本身性能良好。缺点是开发更麻烦。虽然是用lua开发,但lua作为动态语言,既不如Python极其灵活,还有动态语言本身代码不够清晰的缺点。以前尝试过用openresty实现一个crud服务,后来连自己都懒得维护就放弃了,干脆只用来当网关。
鱼与熊掌不可兼得,开发速度跟运行速度往往相斥,除非代码以后都是AI来写。就公司目前这服务的使用情况来说,Flask+Gunicorn的性能已经足够,还不需要改代码,实乃社畜良伴。而且现在啥都上k8s了,服务扩展也简单,性能不够就加实例嘛
来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/XY-Heruo/p/18522244
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