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【GreatSQL优化器-01】const_table
一、const_table介绍
GreatSQL的优化器主要用JOIN类来进行处理SQL语句的,JOIN类有以下四个table数量相关的成员变量。其中const_tables是optimize最开始就检查并且标识的,因为这样可以把记录最少的表放在执行计划的第一步,在后面的执行计划里面这些const tables是不参与循环遍历和计算的,因此可以减少很多开销。
计数名称说明哪个函数进行累加tables该查询语句的所有表的数量,包含物化表和临时表JOIN::get_best_combination()primary_tables该查询语句的主要表的数量,不包含物化表JOIN::get_best_combination()const_tables该查询语句中只有0行或者1行的表数量JOIN::extract_const_tables和JOIN::extract_func_dependent_tablestmp_tables该查询语句中临时表数量JOIN::make_tmp_tables_info()下面用一个简单的例子来说明 const_table 是什么。- greatsql> CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 int primary key, c2 varchar(32),date1 datetime);
- greatsql> INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1,'aaa','2021-03-25 16:44:00.123456'),(2,'bbb','2022-03-25 16:44:00.123456'),(3,'ccc','2023-03-25 16:44:00.123456');
- # 这里看到以下的type类型是const,说明在优化器看来这是一张const table
- greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE c1=1 AND c1<10;
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
- | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
- 1 row in set, 1 warning (3.60 sec)
- # 这句sql语句最后被处理成以下的语句了,可以看到条件语句被提到前面当做列,最后的条件变为where true了。
- greatsql> SHOW WARNINGS;
- +-------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Level | Code | Message |
- +-------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `c1`,'aaa' AS `c2`,'2021-03-25 16:44:00' AS `date1` from `db1`.`t1` where true |
- +-------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
复制代码 二、const_table标识
const_table的寻找和标识在函数JOIN::extract_const_tables和JOIN::extract_func_dependent_tables进行处理,这两个函数的功能各有不同。用上面的例子来说明。- bool JOIN::make_join_plan() {
- if (!(query_block->active_options() & OPTION_NO_CONST_TABLES)) {
- // Detect tables that are const (0 or 1 row) and read their contents.
- //根据表的统计信息table->file->stats.records直接寻找该值为0或者1的表,并且表的cached_table_flags必须为HA_STATS_RECORDS_IS_EXACT,只有引擎是MyISAM和memory才有这个标志
- if (extract_const_tables()) return true;
- // Detect tables that are functionally dependent on const values.
- // 循环所有剩下的没有被标识的表,找出有索引或者有表依赖的表来标识
- if (extract_func_dependent_tables()) return true;
- }
- }
- bool JOIN::extract_func_dependent_tables() {
- do {
- for (JOIN_TAB **pos = best_ref + const_tables; *pos; pos++) {
- 一、遍历每张出现的表,寻找表里已经创建的索引。
- 二、判断表有join条件的情况,本次不涉及
- 三、判断表有表依赖的情况,本次不涉及
- 四、检查表是否可以通过key读取或表仅使用 const ref。
- 这里需要排除以下表:
- 1. 全文搜索,或
- 2. 嵌套外连接的一部分,或
- 3. 半连接的一部分,或
- 4. 具有大开销的外连接条件。
- 5. 被 const 表优化的处理程序阻止。
- 6. 将不会被使用,通常是因为它们是流式传输的而不是物化的(请参阅 Query_expression::can_materialize_directly_into_result())。
- 7. 位于完整连接的两侧
- // 如果找到表有索引,这里用到的keyuse在之前JOIN::update_ref_and_keys()已经获取到。
- if (eq_part.is_prefix(table->key_info[key].user_defined_key_parts)) {
- // 该索引是唯一索引
- if (table->key_info[key].flags & HA_NOSAME) {
- if (const_ref == eq_part) {
- // 标识该表是const table
- mark_const_table(tab, start_keyuse);
- // 改变table的状态为const
- join_read_const_table(tab, positions + const_tables - 1);
- }
- }
- }
- }
- } while ((const_table_map & found_ref) && ref_changed);
复制代码 以下是实际使用的时候表扫描方式类型汇总,其中JT_CONST和JT_SYSTEM就是我们本章要说明的。JT_SYSTEM类型,这个需要跟JT_CONST区分开,JT_SYSTEM主要是扩展表而不是物理表,JT_SYSTEM表没有索引。JT_SYSTEM类型也会被计入const_tables,详情见下面。
join_type访问方法的类型说明JT_UNKNOWN无效JT_SYSTEM表只有一行,比如select * from (select 1)JT_CONST表最多只有一行满足,比如WHERE table.pk = 3JT_EQ_REF'=符号用在唯一索引JT_REF'=符号用在非唯一索引JT_ALL全表扫描JT_RANGE范围扫描JT_INDEX_SCAN索引扫描JT_FTFulltext索引扫描JT_REF_OR_NULL包含null值,比如"WHERE col = ... OR col IS NULLJT_INDEX_MERGE一张表执行多次范围扫描最后合并结果- -- 下面的select 1表类型就是system而不是const。但是select 1这张表的数量也会计入const_tables
- greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1);
- +----+-------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
- | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
- +----+-------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
- | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | NULL | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
- | 2 | DERIVED | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used |
- +----+-------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
- 2 rows in set, 1 warning (12.33 sec)
复制代码 三、实际例子说明
接下来看几个例子来说明上面的代码。- greatsql> CREATE TABLE t2 (c1 int, c3 varchar(32));
- greatsql> CREATE index idx1 ON t2(c1);
- greatsql> INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (1,'aaa'),(2,'bbb');
- -- 非唯一索引不是const table
- greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE c1=1 AND c1<10;
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
- | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | t2 | NULL | ref | idx1 | idx1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
- 1 row in set, 1 warning (3.84 sec)
- -- 改变c1为primary key,看一下结果。
- -- between条件也是唯一条件,因此是const table
- -- 这里有个约束条件:BETWEEN的上下界条件值必须一样,才会被判定为const,否则是range
- greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE c1 BETWEEN 1 AND 1 AND c1<10;
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
- | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
- 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
- -- value in后面的值即使最小值和最大值相同也走的范围扫描,不被判定为const table
- greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE c1 IN (1,1) AND c1<10;
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
- | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using where |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
- 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
- -- 下面的表只有一行,但是由于引擎不是MyISAM或者memory而不被判定为const table
- greatsql> CREATE TABLE t3 AS SELECT 1 AS c1;
- greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t3 WHERE c1=1;
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
- | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | t3 | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using where |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
- 1 row in set, 1 warning (1.91 sec)
- -- 下面的表只有一行,由于引擎是MEMORY而被判定为const table
- greatsql> CREATE TABLE t5 engine=memory AS SELECT 1 AS c1;
- greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t5 WHERE c1=1;
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
- | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | t5 | NULL | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
- 1 row in set, 1 warning (2.70 sec)
- -- 两张表进行join的时候,即使这里t1的顺序在后面,因为在优化器里面被判定为const table,所以顺序被提前到第一位。
- greatsql> EXPLAIN SELECT t1.c1,t1.c2 FROM t2,t1 WHERE t1.c1=1 AND t1.c1<10;
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
- | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
- | 1 | SIMPLE | t2 | NULL | index | NULL | idx1 | 4 | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
- +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
- 2 rows in set, 1 warning (2.70 sec)
- greatsql> EXPLAIN FORMAT=TREE SELECT t1.c1,t1.c2 FROM t2,t1 WHERE t1.c1=1 AND t1.c1<10;
- +-----------------------------------------------------+
- | EXPLAIN |
- +-----------------------------------------------------+
- | -> Index scan on t2 using idx1 (cost=0.35 rows=1) |
- +-----------------------------------------------------+
- 1 row in set (40.27 sec)
- -- 通过打印堆栈查看当前最佳的排列顺序,可以看到表t1确实被提到第一个了。
- Thread 56 "connection" hit Breakpoint 16, JOIN::get_best_combination (this=0x7fff14c6d0f0)
- at /sql/sql_optimizer.cc:3663
- 3663 for (Table_ref *sj_nest : query_block->sj_nests) {
- (gdb) p best_ref[0]->table_ref->table_name
- $99 = 0x7fff14c5d660 "t1"
- (gdb) p best_ref[1]->table_ref->table_name
- $100 = 0x7fff14c5d538 "t2"
复制代码 四、总结
从上面优化器最早的步骤我们认识了const table的定义和判定方法,可以发现实际运用中const table是可以提高查询速度的。这里面通过唯一索引来定位查找数据是最快的就是因为被判定为const table,在后面的实践里面发现 =(等值查询)、特殊情况下的 BETWEEN 的时候都可以被认为是const table,但是 IN 却不行,因此实际运用的时候尽量不要用IN条件,而多用等值条件 和 特殊条件下的BETWEEN来查询,最好是只用等值条件。
Enjoy GreatSQL
来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/greatsql/p/18534695
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